Finite verbs
वे Verb जो अपने Subject के Number तथा Tense से प्रभावित होते हैं, Finite verbs या finite form of verbs कहलाते हैं। इन्हें full verbs, Main verbs या Ordinary verbs भी कहा जाता है।
देखिए-
- She writes an application.
- They write an application.
- She wrote an application.
- She will write an application.
Non-finite verbs
Verbs के वे Forms जो Subject के Number तथा वाक्य के Tense से प्रभावित नहीं होते हैं, वे Non-finite या Non-finite form of verbs कहलाते हैं।
Non-Finites के तीन प्रकार होते हैं-
- Participle
- Infinitive
- Gerund
Participle
Participle के निम्नलिखित तीन रूप (forms) होते हैं-
- Present participle
- Past participle
- Perfect participle
Uses of Present participle
1. Continuous Tenses बनाने में Present participle का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- Ram and Shyam are reading.
- Soni was sleeping.
- She has been singing a song for two hours.
- The pen is being repaired.
- The house is being repaired.
- The students are being taught.
देखिए-
- Floating clouds look very pretty.
- He plucked the blooming flower.
- He wrote an interesting story.
3. Verbs of Sensation जैसे- hear, see, feel, smell find, watch, tease के बाद object complement के रूप में Present Participle का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- We saw her carrying a box.
- We felt the house shaking.
- We watched her swimming.
- We found him weeping.
4. जब एक ही कर्ता (Subject) के द्वारा एक कार्य के बाद दूसरा कार्य किया जाये, तो Present Participle का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- Taking off his shoes he entered the temple.
- Seeing the lion the man climbed up the tree.
5. जब एक कर्त्ता द्वारा एक साथ होने वाले दो कार्य संपन्न हों, तो एक कार्य Present Participle के द्वारा व्यक्त किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- She went out weeping.
- The students left the class shouting.
Uses of Past Participle
1. Perfect Tense बनाने में Past participle का प्रयोग किया जाता है, देखिए-
- He has written a letter.
- He had already completed his task.
2. Passive voice बनाने में भी Past Participle का प्रयोग किया जाता है। देखिए-
- The letter was written by her.
- The slate had already been broken.
- The tiger was killed.
3. Adjective के रूप में Past Participle का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- defeated team, bloomed flower, broken slate, lost child etc.
4. कारण बतलाने के लिए Present Participle (passive) के स्थान पर past participle का प्रयोग किया जाता है। देखिए-
Being blinded by the storm, the children lost their way. (✔)
Blinded by the storm, the children lost their way. (✔)
Uses of Perfect participle
Perfect Participle का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है, जब पहला कार्य दूसरे कार्य के प्रारम्भ होने के पूर्व समाप्त हो जाये।
Having written the letter, Ram posted it.
(= After Ram had written the letter, he posted it.)
Having completed their work, the children went home.
(= After the children had completed their work, they went home.)
Note- प्रत्येक Participle के लिए एक Subject of Reference होता है।
देखिए -
- Having (Present participle) lifted the gun, the hunter (Subject of Reference) shot the tiger. (✔)
- Walking in the field, a snake hit the farmer. (✖)
इस वाक्य का अर्थ होगा-मैदान में टहलते हुए साँप ने किसान को काट लिया।
- While the farmer was walking in the field, a snake bit him. (✔)
- Walking in the field, she saw a dead lion. (✔)
- Coming towards his master, the cup slipped from his hand. (✖)
- While he was coming towards his master, the glass slipped from his hand. (✔)
- Being a fine day, we went out. (✖)
- It being a fine day, we went out. (✔)
इस तरह के वाक्यों में Subject of Reference से अर्थ को स्पष्ट करना चाहिए। इस प्रकार के Problem को unrelated participle का Problem कहते हैं।
Infinitive
Infinitive सामान्यत: Verb के First Form से पहले to लगाकर बनाया जाता है। अर्थात् To + Verb को Infinitive कहा जाता है। Infinitive किसी भी वाक्य में Noun, Adjective या Adverb का कार्य करता है।
Ex: -
- I want to read. [Infinitive with 'to']
- Let me go. [Infinitive without "to"]
Kinds of Infinitive
Infinitive दो प्रकार के होते हैं-
- Simple Infinitive
- Gerundial Infinitive
जब Infinitive किसी वाक्य में Noun का कार्य करता है, तो उसे Simple infinitive कहा जाता है तथा जब Infinitive किसी वाक्य में Adjective या Adverb का कार्य करता है, तो उसे Gerundial infinitive या Qualifying Infinitive कहा जाता है।
देखिए-
- I want to read.
- Jaya went to market to purchase books.
- The mango is sweet to eat.
- This book is easy to learn.
Uses of Bare Infinitive
(i) निम्नलिखित क्रियाओं के बाद Infinitive without 'to' (Bare Infinitive) का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
- make, let, see, hear, bid, need not, dare not etc.
देखिए-
- Let them to play in the field. (✖)
- Let them play in the field. (✔)
- He dare not to talk to her. (✖)
- He dare not talk to her. (✔)
- Soni made him to write. (✖)
- Soni made him write. (✔)
- They need not to wait for us here. (✖)
- They need not wait for us here. (✔)
- I heard her to shut the door. (✖)
- I heard her shut the door. (✔)
(ii) निम्नलिखित phrases के बाद भी Bare Infinitive (Infinitive without 'to') का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
- would rather, had better, rather than, had rather, do everything but, do nothing but, do anything but etc.
देखिए-
We had better to sleep. (✖)
We had better sleep. (✔)
(अच्छा हो कि हमलोग सो जायें।)
He did everything but to study. (✖)
He did everything but study. (✔)
(उसने पढ़ने के अतिरिक्त सब कुछ किया।)
They had rather to play cricket than swim. (✖)
They had rather play cricket than swim. (✔)
(वे लोग तैरने की अपेक्षा क्रिकेट खेलना चाहेंगे।)
I would rather to die than beg. (✖)
I would rather die than beg. (✔)
(मैं भीख माँगने के बजाय मरना अधिक पसंद करूंगा।)
(iii) Modal Auxiliary verbs (shall, will, can, could, should, would, may etc.) के बाद Bare Infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए -
- It may to rain now. (✖)
- It may rain now. (✔)
- He can to climb up the tree. (✖)
- He can climb up the tree. (✔)
- परन्तु, ought के साथ to का प्रयोग हमेशा किया जाता है।
- He ought go there. (✖)
- He ought to go there. (✔)
Uses of Infinitive
1. Noun के रूप में Infinitve का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित रूपों में किया जाता है-
(i) As the subject of a verb -
देखिए-
- To swim is a good exercise.
- To work is worship.
- To study is useful.
- To preach is easy.
(ii) As the object of a verb -
देखिए-
- He wants to sing.
- They refused to help her.
- The servant forgot to post the letter.
- No one wants to die.
(iii) As the Complement of a verb -
देखिए-
- He is to go.
- His hobby is to collect stamp.
- His desire is to become an I.A.S.
- Sainky's desire is to go there.
(iv) As the object of a preposition -
देखिए -
- She is about to sleep.
- It is about to rain.
- The tree is about to fall.
2. Infinitive का प्रयोग Noun को qualify करने के लिए Adjective के रूप में किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- They want a pen to write with.
- Does he have a new shirt to wear?
- I gave him sweets to eat.
3. Infinitive का प्रयोग Verb तथा Adverb के रूप में भी किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- We eat to live.
- I went to Agra to see the Taj.
- The teacher took out a stick to frighten the child.
- The Principal was glad to hear of his success.
- The apple is sweet to eat.
- The children are eager to play.
- He is too poor to buy a car.
- This book is good to read.
4. 'Enough' के बाद Infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है। देखिए-
- Sarika is intelligent enough for learning English. (✖)
- Sarika is intelligent enough to learn English. (✔)
- She is bold enough facing him. (✖)
- She is bold enough to face him. (✔)
5. निम्नलिखित Verbs के बाद Infinitive (to + V1) का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
- attempt, afford, arrange. appear, begin, chance, care, choose, dare, hesitate, happen, forget, hope, intend, manage, prefer, want, continue, fail, try, wish, decide, promise.
देखिए-
- He has decided leaving the town. (✖)
- He has decided to leave the town. (✔)
- She refused going there with you. (✖)
- She refused to go there with you. (✔)
- He tried solving the sum. (✖)
- He tried to solve the sum. (✔)
- He promised teaching them. (✖)
- He promised to teach them. (✔)
6. निम्नलिखित verbs के बाद Object + To + V1 का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
- Advice, ask, allow, beg, command, compel, encourage, force, forbid, invite, imagine, instruct, persuade, require, remind, tell, teach etc.
देखिए-
- She compelled him to leave this room. (✔)
- The teacher advised me to do the sum. (✔)
- He told me to go there. (✔)
- We encouraged her to sit in the exam. (✔)
Note - परन्तु, अब इनका प्रयोग Passive Voice में हुआ हो तो इनके बाद To + V1 का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए -
- She was encouraged to sit in the exam. (✔)
- Chandan was permitted to teach them. (✔)
7. निम्नलिखित Verbs के बाद Object + To + V1 या To + V1 का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- I want to stay. (✔)
- I want everyone to listen to this speech. (✔)
8. क्रिया 'know' के बाद 'how/when/why/where' का प्रयोग कर Infinite का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- She knows how to write an essay. (✔)
- We know where to play the match. (✔)
- They know when to start the work. (✔)
- She knows to play on the harmonium. (✖)
- She knows how to play on the harmonium. (✔)
9. उद्देश्य (purpose) और कारण (cause) बतलाने के लिए Infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- He started weeping seeing his father. (✖)
- He started weeping to see his father. (✔)
- Navneet sold his cycle for buying books. (✖)
- Navneet sold his cycle to buy books. (✔)
- Sita came here for reading. (✖)
- Sita came here to read. (✔)
Gerund
जब Verb में ing लगाकर Noun के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है, तो वह Gerund कहलाता है।
जैसे-
- walking, smoking, playing, learning etc.
Uses of Gerund
1. Gerund का प्रयोग Noun के रूप में निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है-
(i) Subject of the verb के रूप में -
देखिए-
- Smoking is harmful.
- Walking is a good exercise.
- Seeing is believing.
(ii) Object of the verb के रूप में -
देखिए-
- We like swimming.
- Sohan has stopped gambling.
- He likes playing cricket.
(iii) Complement of the verb के रूप में -
देखिए-
- Her hobby is gardening.
- Seeing is believing.
- My job is teaching.
2 Object of the preposition के रूप में -
देखिए -
- They are fond of playing cricket.
- The students are tired of waiting.
- He is looking forward to seeing you.
3. Possessive Adjective (my, his, our, her, your, Ram's etc.) के बाद Verb को Gerund Form में रखा जाता है।
देखिए—
- I insisted on her to read the letter. (✖)
- I insisted on her reading the letter. (✔)
- We should not mind his come late. (✖)
- We should not mind his coming late. (✔)
- They appreciate Malviya's sing. (✖)
- They appreciate Malviya's singing. (✔)
4. निम्नलिखित Verbs के बाद Gerund का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
- mind, enjoy, dislike, deny, avoid, admit, appreciate, stop, excuse, propose.
देखिए-
- They proposed to go to the theatre. (✖)
- They proposed going to the theatre. (✔)
- He was stopped to run fast. (✖)
- He was stopped running fast. (✔)
- We avoid to meet ministers. (✖)
- We avoid meeting ministers. (✔)
- He does not mind to live here. (✖)
- He does not mind living here. (✖)
5. निम्नलिखित phrases के बाद Gerund का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
- verb to 'be' + addicted to, accustomed to, with a view to, habituated to, fed up with, used to, look forward to etc. + V4
देखिए-
- He is used to walk in the morning. (✖)
- He is used to walking in the morning. (✔)
- The students are looking forward to meet the director. (✖)
- The students are looking forward to meeting the director. (✔)
- They are fed up with run here and there. (✖)
- They are fed up with running here and there. (✔)
6. निम्नलिखित prepositions के बाद Verb को हमेशा Gerund के रूप में रखा जाता है-
- for, without, by, on, in, from, before, after, at, besides etc.
देखिए-
- On reach home, she wrote a letter to her parents. (✖)
- On reaching home, she wrote a letter to her parents. (✔)
- The teacher prevented him from do so. (✖)
- The teacher prevented him from doing so. (✔)
- They were hopeful of win the final match. (✖)
- They were hopeful of winning the final match. (✔)
7. No use तथा good use के बाद Gerund का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
- It is no use crying over spilt milk. (✔)
- It is no use cry over spilt milk. (✖)
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