Syntax
'Syntax' का अर्थ Subject तथा Verb के बीच Agreement का अध्ययन करना है।
Subject तथा Verb के Agreement से तात्पर्य Subject एवं उसके वचन (Singular एवं Plural) के अनुसार Verb का प्रयोग है।
Ex-
- Ram goes home.
- They play football.
यार रखें -
Verb का मूल रूप Plural होता है, लेकिन इनके अंत में s या es का प्रयोग होने पर ये Singular हो जाते है।
Rules of Agreement
1. Singular Subject (S.S.) के साथ Singular Verb (S.V.) तथा Plural Subject (P.S.) के साथ Plural Verb का प्रयोग होता है।
अर्थात्
- Singular Subject - Singular Verb
- Plural Subject - Plural Verb
Ex -
- She read a book. (✖)
- She read a book. (✔)
इसी प्रकार,
- They plays football. (✖)
- They play football. (✔)
Ex -
- Ram and Shyam is friends. (✖)
- Ram and Shyam are friends. (✔)
इसी प्रकार,
याद रखें-
लेकिन, and से जुड़ने के बावजूद एक ही व्यक्ति या वस्तु का बोध कराते हो, तो उनके साथ Singular Verb का प्रयोग होता है।
Ex-
- Bread and butter is my favorite food. (✔)
इसी प्रकार,
- Slow and steady wins the race. (✔)
कुछ ऐसे Nouns का युग्म निम्नलिखित है-
- Rice and curry,
- Horse and carriage,
- Hammer and sickle,
- Crown and glory,
3. Each या Every का प्रयोग किसी भी तरह से किया जाए इसके साथ Singular Verb का प्रयोग होता है।
Ex-
- Each student and each teacher are lazy. (✖)
- Each student and each teacher is lazy. (✔)
- Each and every woman have come. (✖)
- Each and every woman has come. (✔)
इसी प्रकार,
- Each of the six boys are dull. (✖)
- Each of the six boys is dull. (✔)
पुन:
- Everyone of the ten girls are beautiful. (✖)
- Everyone of the ten girls is beautiful. (✔)
4. One of, Either of, Neither of, The number of के बाद Plural Noun तथा Singular Verb का प्रयोग होता है।
अर्थात्
Ex-
- One of the boys are very intelligent. (✖)
- One of the boys is very intelligent. (✔)
पुन:
- Either of the teachers are increasing. (✖)
- Either of the teachers is greedy. (✔)
इसी प्रकार,
- The number of the boys are increasing. (✖)
- The number of the boy is increasing. (✔)
याद रखे :-
A number of के बाद Plural Noun तथा Plural Verb का प्रयोग होता है।
Ex-
- A number of boys has participated. (✖)
- A number of boys have participated. (✔)
5. Who, which, that के बाद आने वाला Verb इसके ठीक पहले प्रयुक्त Noun के Number के अनुसार होता है।
अर्थात्
Ex-
- One of the boys who is playing there is Sita's brother. (✖)
- One of the boys who are playing there is Sita's brother. (✔)
इसी प्रकार,
- The man who are here is my friend. (✖)
- The man who is here is my friend. (✔)
पुन:
- It is I who has helped you. (✖)
- It is I who have helped you. (✔)
6. दो Nouns या Pronouns यदि with, together with, as well as, besides, along with, like, in addition to इत्यादि से जुड़े हो तो Verb का प्रयोग पहले Noun या Pronoun के अनुसार होता है।
अर्थात्
- The thief as well as his sons were arrested. (✖)
- The thief as well as his sons was arrested. (✔)
- He together with his friends are coming. (✖)
- He together with his friends is coming. (✔)
इसी प्रकार,
- Parents as well as their sons was there. (✖)
- Parents as well as their sons were there. (✔)
7. 'of' से बने Collection noun के बाद Plural Noun तथा Singular Verb का प्रयोग होता है।
अर्थात्
Ex-
- A set of questions have been given. (✖)
- A set of questions has been given. (✔)
इसी प्रकार
- A group of boys were found. (✖)
- A group of boys was found. (✔)
8. Preposition के पहले जो Noun आता है वही Subject माना जाता है तथा उसी के अनुसार Verb का प्रयोग होता है।
अर्थात्
Noun + Preposition + Noun → Verb
Ex-
- The books of Ram has lost. (✖)
- The books of Ram have lost. (✔)
याद रखें-
यदि वाक्य में एक से अधिक Preposition हो तो पहले Preposition के पहले प्रयुक्त Noun या Pronoun के अनुसार ही Verb का प्रयोग होता है।
अर्थात्
Noun Prep. + Noun + Prep. + Noun +... → Verb
Ex-
- The habit of most of the people in different countries are to be criticise others. (✖)
- The habit of most of the people in different countries is to be criticise others. (✔)
यहाँ Verb का प्रयोग पहले Preposition के पहले प्रयुक्त Noun 'Habit' के अनुसार होगा।
9. The + Adjective के साथ Plural Verb का प्रयोग होता है।
अर्थात्
The + Adjctive → Plural Verb
Ex-
The poor is becoming poorer. (✖)
The poor are becoming poorer. (✔)
10. Many + a/an तथा More than one के बाद Singular Countable Noun तथा Singular Verb का प्रयोग होता है।
अर्थात्
Ex-
- Many a boys have come. (✖)
- Many a boy has come. (✔)
इसी प्रकार,
- More than one boys have come. (✖)
- More than one boy has come. (✔)
11. Several/Both/Many/Various/A few के बाद Plural Noun तथा Plural Verb का प्रयोग होता है।
अर्थात्
Ex-
- Both the child is intelligent. (✖)
- Both the children are intelligent. (✔)
इसी प्रकार,
- Several issue is likely to come controversial. (✖)
- Several issues are likely to come controversial. (✔)
12. दो Subject यदि Not only.....but aslo, Neither..... nor तथा Either..... or से जुड़ें हो तो Verb अपने नजदीक वाले Subject के अनुसार होता है।
Ex-
- Neither you nor I are willing to do it. (✖)
- Neither you nor I am willing to do it. (✔)
इसी प्रकार,
- Either you or he have to do it. (✖)
- Either you and he has to do it. (✔)
13. Body, one तथा thing से बने Pronoun (Somebody, anyone, everything....) के साथ Singular Verb का प्रयोग होता है।
Ex-
- Everybody know that the earth is round. (✖)
- Everybody knows that the earth is round. (✔)
इसी प्रकार,
- Someone have stolen my pen. (✖)
- Someone has stolen my pen. (✔)
- Everything have its own importance. (✖)
- Everything has its own importance. (✔)
14. वर्तमान के Unfulfilled wish, Condition, Desire को व्यक्त करने के लिए If, as if I wish के बाद Verb के रूप में सिर्फ 'Were' का प्रयोग होता है, चाहे Subject किसी भी Number या Person का ही क्यों न हो।
Ex-
- If he was a bird. (✖)
- If he were a bird. (✔)
इसी प्रकार,
- I wish I was a bird. (✖)
- I wish I were a bird. (✔)
- If I were a bird I would fly. (✔)
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